India's past is marked by a rich tapestry of cultures and civilizations. The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's oldest urban cultures, thrived around 2500 BCE, showcasing advanced city planning and trade. Over the centuries, various empires, such as the Maurya Empire and the Gupta Empire, contributed to advancements in art, science, and philosophy. The arrival of Islam in the 7th century led to the establishment of several powerful dynasties, including the Mughal Empire, which left a lasting architectural legacy, exemplified by the Taj Mahal. British colonial rule began in the 18th century, culminating in India's independence in 1947, shaping the nation's modern identity.