Hydrothermal processes refer to the chemical and physical changes that occur in water at high temperatures and pressures, typically within the Earth's crust. These processes often involve heated water interacting with minerals, leading to the formation of new minerals and the alteration of existing ones. Hydrothermal systems are commonly associated with volcanic activity and can create valuable mineral deposits. In addition to mineral formation, hydrothermal processes play a crucial role in the Earth's geothermal energy. Geothermal energy harnesses heat from the Earth's interior, which can be used for electricity generation and direct heating applications. This sustainable energy source is increasingly important in efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.