The history of Switzerland dates back to the early Middle Ages when various tribes inhabited the region. In 1291, three cantons—Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden—formed a defensive alliance known as the Swiss Confederation. This pact laid the foundation for a unified Switzerland, which gradually expanded to include more cantons over the centuries. During the Reformation in the 16th century, Switzerland was divided along religious lines, leading to conflicts between Protestants and Catholics. Despite these challenges, Switzerland maintained its independence and neutrality, especially during the World Wars. Today, it is known for its political stability, direct democracy, and strong economy.