Swiss history dates back to the early Middle Ages when various tribes inhabited the region. In 1291, the Swiss Confederation was formed as a defensive alliance among three cantons: Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. This alliance laid the foundation for modern Switzerland, promoting unity and independence from external powers. Over the centuries, Switzerland expanded its territory through treaties and military victories, becoming a neutral country by the 19th century. The Federal Constitution of 1848 established a federal state, ensuring political stability and democracy. Today, Switzerland is known for its neutrality, banking system, and high quality of life.