The history of mathematics dates back to ancient civilizations, where early humans used counting systems for trade and agriculture. The Babylonians developed a base-60 number system around 2000 BCE, while the Egyptians used geometry for land measurement and construction. In ancient Greece, mathematicians like Euclid and Pythagoras formalized mathematical concepts, laying the groundwork for geometry and number theory. The Islamic Golden Age further advanced mathematics, introducing algebra and preserving Greek texts. Over centuries, mathematics evolved through contributions from cultures worldwide, leading to modern disciplines such as calculus and statistics.