Heterodera is a genus of plant-parasitic nematodes, commonly known as cyst nematodes. These microscopic roundworms primarily affect the roots of various crops, leading to significant agricultural losses. They form cysts, which are protective structures that contain eggs, allowing them to survive in the soil for extended periods. The life cycle of Heterodera involves several stages, including egg, juvenile, and adult forms. When the juvenile nematodes invade plant roots, they disrupt nutrient and water uptake, causing stunted growth and reduced yields. Effective management strategies include crop rotation and the use of resistant plant varieties to minimize their impact on agriculture.