Hellenic civilization refers to the culture and achievements of ancient Greece, particularly during the period from the 8th century BCE to the end of the Hellenistic era in the 1st century BCE. This civilization is known for its advancements in philosophy, art, and science, with notable figures such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle shaping Western thought. The Greeks also made significant contributions to literature, with epic poems like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. The political structure of Hellenic civilization included city-states, or poleis, such as Athens and Sparta, each with its own government and way of life. The Greeks are also recognized for their developments in democracy, particularly in Athens, where citizens participated in decision-making. Additionally, the Hellenic period saw the construction of iconic structures like the Parthenon and the establishment of the Olympic Games,