Habsburg Spain refers to the period when the Habsburg dynasty ruled over Spain, from 1516 to 1700. This era began with Charles I, who was also Holy Roman Emperor, and marked Spain's rise as a dominant European power. The Habsburgs expanded Spanish territories in the Americas and Europe, leading to immense wealth and influence. The reign of the Habsburgs saw significant cultural achievements, including the flourishing of Spanish Golden Age literature and art. Notable figures from this time include the painter Diego Velázquez and the writer Miguel de Cervantes. However, the dynasty faced challenges, including military conflicts and economic difficulties, leading to its decline.