Guatemalan history dates back to ancient times, with the rise of the Maya civilization around 2000 BC. The Maya developed advanced cities, such as Tikal and Quiriguá, known for their impressive architecture and hieroglyphic writing. The civilization thrived until the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, leading to the conquest of the region. After gaining independence from Spain in 1821, Guatemala experienced political instability and civil conflict. The Guatemalan Civil War, lasting from 1960 to 1996, resulted in significant loss of life and displacement. Today, Guatemala is a diverse nation with a rich cultural heritage influenced by its indigenous roots and colonial history.