The Ghaznavid dynasty was a prominent Muslim empire that ruled parts of present-day Afghanistan and northern India from the 10th to the 12th centuries. Founded by Alptigin, a former slave who became a military leader, the dynasty is known for its military conquests and cultural achievements. The most famous ruler, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the empire significantly and is celebrated for his raids into India, which aimed to spread Islam and acquire wealth. The Ghaznavids played a crucial role in the development of Persian culture and language in the region. They established Ghazni as a cultural and political center, attracting scholars, poets, and artists. The dynasty's influence waned in the 12th century due to internal strife and external pressures, eventually leading to its decline and the rise of the Ghurid dynasty.