The geology of Spain is diverse, featuring a variety of rock types and geological formations. The country is primarily composed of ancient crystalline rocks, sedimentary layers, and volcanic formations. The Iberian Peninsula is characterized by mountain ranges such as the Pyrenees and the Sierra Nevada, which are formed from tectonic activity and erosion over millions of years. Spain's geological history includes significant events like the collision of the Iberian Plate with the Eurasian Plate, leading to the uplift of mountain ranges. Additionally, the presence of Basque Country and Catalonia showcases unique geological features, including limestone caves and rich mineral deposits.