The gemstone trade involves the buying and selling of precious and semi-precious stones, such as diamonds, rubies, and sapphires. This industry spans the globe, with major trading centers located in cities like Antwerp, Bangkok, and New York. Gemstones are sourced from various countries, often mined from the earth, and then cut and polished for sale. The trade is influenced by factors such as rarity, quality, and market demand. Certification organizations, like the Gemological Institute of America (GIA), assess gemstones to ensure authenticity and value. Ethical sourcing has become increasingly important, with consumers seeking responsibly mined stones.