Forest ecology is the study of how forests function and the relationships between the living organisms within them. This includes trees, plants, animals, and microorganisms, all of which interact with each other and their environment. Forests provide essential services, such as clean air, water, and habitat for wildlife, making them vital for the health of our planet. In forest ecosystems, different layers, like the canopy, understory, and forest floor, support various species. For example, the canopy is home to many birds and insects, while the forest floor is rich in decomposers like fungi and bacteria. Understanding these interactions helps us protect and manage forests effectively.