The First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BCE) was a time of political fragmentation and social upheaval in ancient Egypt, following the end of the Old Kingdom. This era is characterized by the decline of centralized power, leading to the rise of local rulers and competing dynasties, particularly in Herakleopolis and Thebes. During this period, artistic and cultural expressions flourished despite the political chaos. The First Intermediate Period laid the groundwork for the eventual reunification of Egypt under the Middle Kingdom, showcasing resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity.