Fire retardant coatings are specialized materials applied to surfaces to reduce the spread of flames and smoke during a fire. These coatings work by forming a protective layer that insulates the underlying material, slowing down heat transfer and combustion. They are commonly used on wood, steel, and other building materials to enhance fire safety. These coatings can be either intumescent or non-intumescent. Intumescent coatings expand when exposed to heat, creating a thick char layer that protects the substrate. In contrast, non-intumescent coatings provide a barrier without expanding. Both types are essential for meeting fire safety regulations in various structures.