Intumescent coatings are specialized fire-resistant materials applied to surfaces, typically in buildings, to enhance their fire protection. When exposed to high temperatures, these coatings expand significantly, forming a thick, insulating char layer that helps to shield the underlying structure from heat and flames. These coatings are commonly used on steel beams, columns, and other structural elements to maintain their integrity during a fire. By delaying the onset of structural failure, intumescent coatings play a crucial role in improving safety and allowing more time for evacuation and firefighting efforts.