Fernando II of Portugal was born on September 29, 1816, and became the King of Portugal in 1837. He ruled until 1853 and is known for his efforts to modernize the country, including reforms in education and infrastructure. His reign was marked by political instability and the struggle between liberal and conservative factions. Fernando II was also an important cultural figure, known for his patronage of the arts and architecture. He was married to Maria II of Portugal, and after her death, he married Elisabeth of Austria. He is often remembered for his contributions to the development of Portuguese identity and culture.