Encephalopathy is a general term that refers to any disorder or disease of the brain that alters its function or structure. It can result from various causes, including infections, toxins, metabolic imbalances, or lack of oxygen. Symptoms may include confusion, memory problems, seizures, and changes in behavior. There are different types of encephalopathy, such as hepatic encephalopathy, which is related to liver dysfunction, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. Diagnosis typically involves medical history, physical exams, and imaging tests to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.