Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition that occurs when the liver is unable to remove toxins from the blood, leading to a buildup of harmful substances. This often happens in individuals with liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis. Symptoms can range from mild confusion and forgetfulness to severe changes in consciousness and behavior. The condition is typically diagnosed through clinical evaluation and may be confirmed with blood tests. Treatment focuses on reducing the levels of toxins in the body, often using medications like lactulose or rifaximin. In severe cases, addressing the underlying liver problem may be necessary.