The Dukes of Tuscany were rulers of the region of Tuscany in central Italy, holding power from the late Middle Ages until the early modern period. The title was established in the 16th century, primarily associated with the Medici family, who played a significant role in the political and cultural development of the area. The Dukes governed a territory known for its rich history, art, and influence during the Renaissance. Their reign saw the flourishing of cities like Florence and Siena, which became centers of art, science, and commerce, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to attract visitors today.