The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a historical state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859. It was established when the Medici family, who had ruled Florence, were elevated to grand dukes. The region included important cities like Florence, Pisa, and Siena, and it played a significant role in the Renaissance, contributing to art, culture, and science. The grand duchy was known for its economic prosperity, driven by agriculture and trade. It was also a center for the arts, with notable figures such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo having connections to the region. The grand duchy was eventually annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in 1860.