Duke Alfonso II of Ferrara (1533-1597) was the last ruler of the House of Este in Ferrara, Italy. He became duke in 1559 and is known for his patronage of the arts and culture during the Renaissance. His court attracted many artists and intellectuals, contributing to the flourishing of Ferrara as a cultural center. Alfonso II's reign was marked by political challenges, including conflicts with the Papal States and the loss of territory. He was also known for his interest in alchemy and the occult. After his death, the duchy was absorbed into the Papal States, ending the Este family's rule in Ferrara.