The Czech dissident movement emerged in the 1960s as a response to the oppressive regime of Czechoslovakia, particularly during the period of Communist rule. Activists sought to promote human rights, freedom of speech, and political reform, often facing persecution for their beliefs. Key figures included Vaclav Havel, a playwright who later became the country's president. One of the most significant events was the Charter 77 manifesto, which called for the government to respect human rights as outlined in international agreements. The movement gained international attention, contributing to the eventual peaceful transition to democracy in 1989 during the Velvet Revolution.