"Cruel and unusual punishment" refers to penalties that are considered inhumane, degrading, or excessively harsh in relation to the crime committed. This concept is rooted in the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which prohibits such punishments. The aim is to ensure that punishments are proportional to the offense and do not violate human dignity. Legal debates often arise over what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, with examples including excessive prison sentences, torture, or inhumane treatment of prisoners. Courts, including the Supreme Court, have played a significant role in interpreting this standard, balancing societal interests with individual rights.