Communism in Indonesia gained prominence in the mid-20th century, particularly with the rise of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). The PKI became one of the largest communist parties in the world outside the Soviet Union, advocating for land reforms and workers' rights. Its influence peaked in the 1960s, as it gained significant support among the rural population and labor unions. However, in 1965, a failed coup led to a violent anti-communist purge, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 500,000 to 1 million people. The New Order regime, led by Suharto, subsequently banned the PKI and suppressed communist ideology, shaping Indonesia's political landscape for decades.