The Commonwealth of England was a republican period in England's history that lasted from 1649 to 1660. It was established after the execution of King Charles I and marked the end of the monarchy. During this time, England was governed without a king, and the country was led by Oliver Cromwell and the Rump Parliament. The Commonwealth aimed to create a more democratic government and was characterized by significant political and social changes. However, it faced challenges, including internal conflicts and opposition from royalists. The period ended with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, bringing back Charles II as king.