Colonial India refers to the period when the British Empire controlled the Indian subcontinent, primarily from the mid-18th century until 1947. This era began with the establishment of the British East India Company, which gradually expanded its influence through trade and military power. By the 19th century, the British government took direct control, leading to significant political, social, and economic changes in the region. During colonial rule, India experienced infrastructure development, such as railways and telegraphs, but also faced exploitation and cultural suppression. The struggle for independence gained momentum in the early 20th century, culminating in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, marking the end of British rule.