The "Century of Humiliation" refers to a period in Chinese history from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, marked by foreign intervention and domination. This era began with the Opium Wars, which resulted in significant territorial losses and unequal treaties that favored Western powers. Key events included the Treaty of Nanking and the Boxer Rebellion, which further weakened China's sovereignty. During this time, China faced internal strife, including the Taiping Rebellion and the Xinhai Revolution, leading to the fall of the Qing Dynasty. The century ended with the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, symbolizing a shift towards national rejuvenation and independence.