The Opium Wars were two conflicts in the mid-19th century between China and Western powers, primarily Britain. The first war (1839-1842) began when China attempted to suppress the opium trade, which was causing widespread addiction and social issues. The British, seeking to protect their trade interests, responded with military force, leading to China's defeat. The second conflict (1856-1860) arose from ongoing tensions and further disputes over trade and diplomatic relations. Both wars resulted in significant territorial and economic concessions for China, including the cession of Hong Kong to Britain and the opening of several ports to foreign trade, fundamentally altering China's relationship with the West.