Catalan independence refers to the movement in the Catalonia region of Spain that seeks to establish it as a separate, sovereign nation. Catalonia has its own distinct language, culture, and history, which many of its residents feel justifies their desire for independence. The movement gained significant momentum in the early 21st century, leading to large-scale protests and a controversial referendum in 2017, which the Spanish government deemed illegal. Supporters of Catalan independence argue that it would allow for greater self-determination and control over local affairs, including economic policies and cultural preservation. Opponents, including the Spanish government, contend that secession would disrupt national unity and economic stability. The debate continues to be a contentious issue in both Catalonia and Spain.