The British Civil Wars were a series of conflicts in the 17th century, primarily between the supporters of the monarchy, known as the Royalists, and those who supported Parliament, called the Parliamentarians. The main wars occurred from 1642 to 1651, driven by political, religious, and social tensions in England. Key events included the English Civil War, the Second English Civil War, and the Third English Civil War. The conflicts ultimately led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was restored in 1660, but the wars significantly shaped British governance.