Bacterial biofilms are communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces and are encased in a protective layer of extracellular polymeric substances. These biofilms can form on various surfaces, including natural environments like rivers and man-made structures such as medical devices. The bacteria within biofilms communicate and cooperate, making them more resilient to environmental stresses and antibiotics. Biofilms play a significant role in various processes, including water treatment and bioremediation. However, they can also contribute to persistent infections in humans, as seen in conditions like chronic wounds and cystic fibrosis. Understanding biofilms is crucial for developing effective treatments and management strategies.