The Andean civilizations refer to a group of ancient cultures that developed in the Andes Mountains of South America, primarily in present-day Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. These civilizations, including the Inca, Moche, and Nazca, are known for their advanced agricultural techniques, impressive architectural achievements, and complex social structures. They cultivated crops like potatoes and quinoa, and built extensive road networks to connect their communities. The Inca Empire, the most prominent of the Andean civilizations, flourished in the 15th and early 16th centuries. It was characterized by its centralized government, skilled artisans, and monumental structures such as Machu Picchu. The Andean civilizations also made significant contributions to art, textiles, and metallurgy, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to influence the region today.