Ancient Assyria was a powerful civilization located in the northern part of Mesopotamia, in what is now northern Iraq. It emerged around the 25th century BCE and became known for its military strength, advanced architecture, and extensive trade networks. The Assyrians built impressive cities like Nineveh and Ashur, which featured grand palaces and temples. The Assyrian Empire reached its height between the 9th and 7th centuries BCE, expanding its territory through conquests. They developed a sophisticated system of administration and communication, including the use of cuneiform writing. The empire eventually fell to a coalition of enemies in 612 BCE, marking the end of its dominance.