Alfonso XIII of Spain was born on November 17, 1886, and became king at birth due to his father's abdication. His reign lasted from 1902 until 1931, making him the last king of Spain before the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. Alfonso's rule was marked by political instability, social unrest, and the challenges of modernizing Spain. During his reign, Alfonso XIII faced numerous issues, including regional tensions and military conflicts. He was known for his attempts to promote economic development and modernization, but his efforts were often undermined by political turmoil. Ultimately, he went into exile after the republic was declared in 1931.