Afghan dynasties refer to the various ruling families and political entities that have governed the region of Afghanistan throughout its history. Notable dynasties include the Ghaznavids, who expanded their empire in the 10th century, and the Durrani Empire, founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in the mid-18th century, which is often considered the foundation of modern Afghanistan. These dynasties played significant roles in shaping the cultural and political landscape of the region. The Mughal Empire also influenced Afghanistan, particularly during its expansion into the area. Each dynasty contributed to the rich tapestry of Afghan history, marked by periods of prosperity and conflict.