The Adal Sultanate was a Muslim state located in the Horn of Africa, primarily in present-day Ethiopia and Somalia. It emerged in the late 15th century and was known for its military prowess and trade networks. The sultanate played a significant role in the region's history, often engaging in conflicts with neighboring kingdoms and European powers. The sultanate reached its peak during the reign of Ahmed Gragn in the 16th century, who led successful campaigns against the Ethiopian Empire. The Adal Sultanate eventually declined due to internal strife and external pressures, particularly from the Ethiopian forces and the Portuguese intervention.