The 1st century BCE, spanning from 100 BCE to 1 BCE, was a significant period in ancient history. It marked the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire, characterized by political turmoil, social change, and military expansion. Key events included the rise of influential leaders like Julius Caesar and the conflicts of the Roman Civil Wars. In addition to Roman developments, the 1st century BCE saw advancements in various cultures. The Han Dynasty in China was flourishing, contributing to trade along the Silk Road. Meanwhile, the spread of Hellenistic culture influenced art, philosophy, and science across the Mediterranean and beyond.