In the 19th century, Russia underwent significant changes, marked by the reign of emperors like Alexander I and Nicholas II. The country expanded its territory, engaging in wars and territorial acquisitions, including parts of Poland and Siberia. This period also saw the rise of social movements and the beginnings of industrialization, which transformed the economy and society. The serfdom system dominated Russian agriculture, with millions of peasants bound to landowners. In 1861, Tsar Alexander II enacted the Emancipation Reform, freeing the serfs and aiming to modernize the country. Despite these reforms, social inequality and political unrest persisted, setting the stage for future revolutions.