In the 19th century, New York City transformed into a bustling metropolis, driven by immigration and industrialization. The population surged as millions arrived, particularly from Ireland and Germany, seeking better opportunities. This rapid growth led to the expansion of neighborhoods and the construction of iconic structures like Central Park and the Brooklyn Bridge. The economy flourished with the rise of factories and trade, making New York a vital commercial hub. The city became known for its cultural diversity, with vibrant communities contributing to the arts, music, and cuisine. By the end of the century, New York was firmly established as a leading global city.