The 19th century in Europe was a time of significant change and development. It saw the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which transformed economies from agriculture-based to industrial and urban. This period also witnessed the spread of new ideas about democracy and nationalism, leading to various political movements and revolutions across the continent. Additionally, the 19th century was marked by major social changes, including the growth of the middle class and shifts in labor practices. Key events included the French Revolution and the unification of Germany and Italy. These developments laid the groundwork for modern Europe and its political landscape.