In the 18th century, China was ruled by the Qing Dynasty, which was established in the mid-17th century. This period saw significant economic growth, population increase, and cultural flourishing. The dynasty expanded its territory, incorporating regions like Tibet and Taiwan, and maintained a complex relationship with foreign powers, particularly through trade. During this time, the Silk Road continued to facilitate commerce, while the arts, including painting and literature, thrived. The Emperor Qianlong was a notable ruler, promoting cultural projects and consolidating power. However, internal challenges and external pressures began to emerge, setting the stage for future conflicts.