In the 17th century, many powerful rulers shaped the course of history across Europe and beyond. Notable figures included Louis XIV of France, known for his absolute monarchy and the construction of Versailles, and Peter the Great of Russia, who modernized his country and expanded its territory. These rulers often centralized power, diminishing the influence of nobility and establishing strong bureaucracies. Additionally, the century saw the rise of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Ahmed I, who commissioned the famous Sultan Ahmed Mosque, and Shah Jahan of India, who built the iconic Taj Mahal. These leaders left lasting legacies through their architectural achievements and political reforms.