The 12th century, spanning from the year 1101 to 1200, was a significant period in European history marked by social, political, and cultural changes. This era saw the rise of feudalism, where local lords held power over land and peasants, leading to a structured society. The Crusades, a series of religious wars, began during this time, impacting trade and cultural exchanges between Europe and the Middle East. In addition to political developments, the 12th century was a time of intellectual growth. The University of Bologna, established in 1088, became a model for higher education, while the Scholasticism movement sought to reconcile faith and reason. This period also witnessed the flourishing of Romanesque architecture, characterized by thick walls and rounded arches, paving the way for the later Gothic style.