"근대" (modernity) refers to a historical period that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 20th century. This era is characterized by significant social, political, and economic changes, including the rise of industrialization, urbanization, and the development of modern nation-states. Key events such as the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution played crucial roles in shaping modern societies. During the 근대 period, advancements in science and technology transformed daily life and communication. Innovations like the steam engine and the telegraph revolutionized transportation and information exchange. Additionally, philosophical movements, such as Enlightenment thinking, emphasized reason and individual rights, influencing modern democratic ideals and human rights concepts.