英国, or the United Kingdom, is a country located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It consists of four countries: 英格兰 (England), 苏格兰 (Scotland), 威尔士 (Wales), and 北爱尔兰 (Northern Ireland). The capital city is 伦敦 (London), which is known for its rich history and cultural landmarks. The UK has a parliamentary system and is a constitutional monarchy, with 查尔斯三世 (King Charles III) as the current monarch. The country is known for its contributions to literature, science, and politics, with famous figures such as 莎士比亚 (Shakespeare) and 牛顿 (Newton) hailing from its shores.