The Spanish Netherlands refers to the southern provinces of the Low Countries that were under the control of the Spanish Habsburgs from the late 16th century until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. This region included modern-day Belgium and parts of Luxembourg and was known for its wealth, trade, and cultural achievements during the Renaissance. During this period, the Spanish Netherlands experienced significant political and military conflicts, particularly during the Eighty Years' War against the Dutch Republic. The region was marked by a blend of Catholic and Protestant influences, leading to a rich artistic legacy, including notable painters like Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck.