Dutch literature refers to the body of written works produced in the Dutch language primarily in the Netherlands and Belgium. It encompasses a wide range of genres, including poetry, novels, and plays, and has a rich history dating back to the Middle Ages. Notable early works include the epic poem Van den Vos Reynaerde, which reflects medieval themes and folklore. In the modern era, Dutch literature has gained international recognition through authors like Harry Mulisch and Cees Nooteboom. Contemporary themes often explore identity, history, and social issues, showcasing the diversity and depth of Dutch literary expression.