Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses. It is involved in various biological processes, including tissue repair, inflammation, and the development of certain diseases. TGF-β can influence how cells communicate and respond to their environment, making it essential for maintaining normal cellular functions. TGF-β exists in three main isoforms: TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, each with distinct roles in the body. Dysregulation of TGF-β signaling is associated with conditions such as cancer, fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases. Understanding TGF-β's functions can help researchers develop targeted therapies for these health issues.