Train operating companies (TOCs) are businesses that manage and operate passenger train services in a specific region or country. They are responsible for scheduling trains, maintaining rolling stock, and ensuring safety and efficiency in operations. TOCs often work under contracts with government bodies, which may set performance standards and fare regulations. In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, TOCs are part of a larger rail network that includes infrastructure providers like Network Rail. This structure allows for competition among TOCs, aiming to improve service quality and customer satisfaction while providing essential public transport options.